Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung - Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
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Austria-Hungary
(2014)
This chapter analyses the military mobilization and expansion, as well as the social and political disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the era of the Great War (1912–1920, thus including the formation of the Successor States). The chapter will open with a discussion of the Balkan Wars and their psychological effects on the Habsburg Empire’s mobilization for war. Although one of the driving forces for war in 1914, the Habsburg Empire was ill prepared for the requirements of a modern industrial conflict. The lack of adequate military and infrastructural preparations, however, was not the only factor that limited the ability of the Habsburg Empire to cope with the challenges of total war. More crucial perhaps was the process of “disintegrative mobilization”: the empire’s destabilization from within as a result of lacking political legitimacy and complex interethnic relations that were thrown off balance over the course of the war.
The description deals with one particular holding of the State Archive in Bratislava, that is the collection of the Regional Court in Bratislava (1940-1945) with focus on the topic of abortion. The collection holds selected court case records related to the region of southwestern Slovakia including the capital Bratislava, towns such as Trnava, Sereď and Hlohovec, and numerous villages. It contains extensive holdings of criminal investigations carried out during the existence of the Slovak State, in particular in the years 1940-1945. These records include sixteen criminal cases against providers of abortion and women who were suspected of undergoing an abortion. The State Archive in Bratislava is the sole owner of these documents. The archive’s inventory description includes a geographical index and provides the historical context for the family politics of the Slovak State during the Second World War.
Visions of Stability and Anxiety: The Mediatic Building of Nations and Border Regions, 1918–1930
(2021)
In the three essays of the newly established JECES “forum” in issue 2/2018, three col-leagues posit contemporary East Central Europe as “interwar period 2.0” and emphasize the significance of references to interwar history in contemporary memory politics. Their contributions point out the importance of these historical references for nation and state building after 1989/90 and for contemporary national identities. Building on this diagnosis, we would like to propose a methodological framework that looks at state-building in East Central Europe from a different perspective: by taking as an object of study the broad range of different—and often negative—views on the performance and capabilities of the states of East Central Europe from the nineteenth century until today. We argue that if we want to understand the various conflicts that affected—and continue to affect—the devel¬opment of states in this region, we need to understand how views on states shape activities towards states. If we achieve this, we can challenge deeply entrenched narratives—both popular and historiographical—that center around the idea of the inevitable collapse of states in East Central Europe, be they the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburg and Romanov Empires, the interwar states or the states of the Warsaw Pact.
Examining the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) and its research on forest-water relations, the article investigates the relation between scientific internationalism and national expertise. It juxtaposes existing arguments regarding the paradigmatic character of 19th century arguments about deforestations. In particular, in 1999, Christian Pfister and Daniel Brändli argued that, in Switzerland during the second half of the 19th century, forestry administrators forged an argument that deforestations in mountainous regions lead to floods in the valleys. As this argument helped to install new Swiss forest legislation in 1876, forbidding deforestations in the mountains, Pfister and Brändli called it a ―deforestation paradigm‖. In contrast, sources of the IUFRO provide a different picture. At IUFRO meetings, i.e., at the international level of debate, no such paradigm existed. Instead, IUFRO participants discussed various conclusions that could be drawn from research on deforestations. Regarding the outcome of IUFRO projects, participants reported partly in opposing ways about the results of the research projects in forestry journals in their respective countries. Exploring these reports, the article provides an explanation for these different national representations of international research projects.
Jeremias Joseph Knechtel came from Česká Kamenice. Having moved to Legnica around 1700, Knechtel obtained city rights and became the guild member there. When he applied for the post of the court painter in Prague in 1730, he hoped his career would blossom closer the center of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1735 Christian Müller got the honored title and Knechtel’s dream was never fulfilled.
Nowadays there are 180 known works by the Master from Legnica. The paintings executed during the “baroquisation” of the Jesuit church in Świdnica (1700–1720) are typical for Knechtel’s early work and ilustrate the Prague inspirations in his style. In the Knechtel’s later works the dynamic narration and the analogies to Czech art are reduced at the expense of the devotional depictions of individual saints or the subtle scenes illustrating the Life of Mary.
Knechtel worked for Jesuits, Franciscans, Benedictines, Cistercians and Augustinians. Cistercian abbot Geyer was one of the most important patrons of the artist. Knechtel executed the cycle of the Fictional Portraits of the Piast Dukes of Silesia (1720) for him.
The master from Legnica was also inspired by the works of the Michael
Leopold Willmann. Two cycles of the Stations of the Cross by Knechtel’s workshop are based on the copperplates designed by Willmann. The painter worked for the noble families. Most of them were Habsburg-oriented Catholics, with one
exception: August von Uechteritz. In 1735 he commissioned works by Knechtel
for the protestant church in Giebułtów.